[C8mim]Br对蚯蚓抗氧化系统的亚慢性毒性效应

以OECD标准的基质染毒法测定了离子液体溴化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑([C8mim]Br)对蚯蚓(Eisenia foetida)的急性毒性效应和亚慢件毒性条件下蚯蚓体内CAT、SOD、GST的活性和GSH、MDA含量的变化,以期初步分析[C8mim]Br对蚯蚓抗氧化系统的作用及其毒性作用的可能机理.结果表明,[C8mim]Br对蚯蚓的7 d-LD50和14 d-LD50分别为206.8 mg·kg-1和159.4 mg·kg-1.亚慢件暴露42 d后蚯蚓体内CAT的活件受到显著抑制;SOD的活性在低浓度(1～5 mg·kg-1)受到抑制,高浓度(20～40 mg·kg-1)被激活;在高浓度处理组(20～40 mg·kg-1)GST的活性显著高于对照.10～40 mg·kg-1浓度的[C8mim]Br处理组GSH的含量显著升高,各处理组MDA含量与对照相比没有差异.推测[C8mim]Br可能通过肠道吸收进入蚯蚓体内,并诱导了蚯蚓体内抗氧化系统的反馈效应.     

Pb对赤子爱胜蚓的影响

通过急性毒性试验测定了不同培养条件下Pb对蚯蚓的毒害作用,并通过牛粪、砖红壤培养试验,测定了蚯蚓对Pb的忍耐性,及不同形态Pb对蚯蚓体重的影响。研究结果如下：蚯蚓在在液、沙、泥土和干牛粪中的急性半致死剂量（LD50）分别为354.41 mg/kg、360.95 mg/kg、1228.02 mg/kg和3894.62 mg/kg。蚯蚓在腐熟牛粪中对Pb有很好的忍耐性,当牛粪中Pb含量达到15000 mg/kg时蚯蚓依然能够生存。蚯蚓在Pb污染砖红壤生活60d后回收率和体重均有下降,在土壤Pb含量分别为400 mg/kg和444 mg/kg时蚯蚓的回收率和增长率下降最快,分别为0.6403和-0.4358。限制蚯蚓增长的程度大小Pb形态依次为：碳酸盐结合态>交换态>有机态>无定形氧化锰结合态>晶形氧化铁结合态>无定形氧化铁结合态>残渣态     

Changes in biochemical properties of cow manure during processing by earthworms (Eisenia andrei, Bouché) and the effects on seedling growth

The biochemical changes in fresh cow manure caused by the earthworm Eisenia andrei (Bouché) were measured over a period of four months, under controlled laboratory conditions. Earthworms were introduced into each of four plastic containers (0.4 × 0.27 × 0.15 m) containing fresh cow manure (2500 g), and four containers containing manure but without earthworms served as controls. Earthworms reduced the pH and decreased the moisture content in the manure. The C:N ratio of the manure with or without earthworms decreased progressively from 36 to 21. The ash and total nitrogen contents increased greatly for a few weeks after the introduction of earthworms, reflecting a rapid breakdown of carbon compounds and mineralization of nitrogen by the earthworms. CO₂ evolution decreased rapidly (44%) one week after the introduction of earthworms, and continued at a lower rate throughout the 17 weeks (51% reduction as compared to 22% without earthworms), indicating increasing stability of the organic matter. Earthworms reduced microbial biomass early in the process, but enhanced nitrogen mineralization and increased the rates of conversion of ammonium-nitrogen into nitrate. The major general effect of earthworms on the organic wastes was to accelerate the maturation of the organic wastes as demonstrated by enhanced growth of lettuce and tomato seedlings.     

Microbial community indigenous to the earthworm Eisenia foetida

 Microbial populations of the earthworm Eisenia foetida, their casts and farmyard manure (FYM) in which E. foetida had lived were enumerated with the dilution plate method using several media. The microbial community of earthworms appeared to be similar to that of the FYM in which they had lived, while that of earthworms starved in distilled water for 24 h greatly differed from that of the FYM. The community of the starved earthworms consisted exclusively (more than 90%) of fast growers, which were defined as those that formed their colonies within 2 days, unlike that of the FYM (10–30%). About 30 isolates were randomly chosen and some physiological properties were examined. The community of starved earthworms consisted exclusively of Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, fermentative bacteria, whereas bacteria from the FYM were much more diverse and there were no fermentative bacteria in the FYM. The predominant bacteria species of the starved earthworms were identified as Aeromonas hydrophila and considered to be indigenous to the earthworm E. foetida. Received: 18 June 1999     

Earthworm,Eisenia fetida,bedding meal as potential cheap fishmeal replacement ingredient for semi‐intensive farming of Nile Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

The study amalgamated earthworm and agro‐industrial wastes through vermicomposting and then evaluated the potential of the bedding (mixture of Eisenia fetida and vermicompost) to replace fishmeal in semi‐intensive farming of Oreochromis niloticus. The bedding was used to substitute fishmeal at inclusion rates of 100, 60, 30 and 0% (D100, D60, D30 and control D0). In triplicates, the four homogeneous diets were fed to quadruplicate groups of 30 g O. niloticus for 112 days. There was no significant difference (p > .05) in mortalities, average length gain and FCR among all tests. Nevertheless, diet D0 had significantly (p < .05) superior amino acid profile, low fibre content and fish carcass crude protein (63.2 ± 0.72% dry matter). Subsequently, D30 and D0 produced fish with significantly higher (p < .05) mean weight gain (256.03 ± 0.4 g) and biomass (369,136 g) respectively. On to the contrary, diet D100 had significantly higher (p < .05) crude lipids content (9.4 ± 0.6% dry matter), economic returns and profit index than the control diet due to the comparatively low cost of producing the earthworm bedding. This simple biotechnology can commercially be upscaled to sustainably produce cheap and nutritious fish feed capable of increasing yields and maximizing profits.     

Impact of landspread sewage sludge and earthworm introduction on established earthworms and soil structure

Summary Sewage sludge was applied to twelve 4-m² plots in two forest (mixed hardwood, Norway spruce plantation) site and one old field site. The earthworm Eisenia fetida was introduced to half the control and half the treated plots. Earthworm populations were sampled by formalin extraction and hand-sorting five times in the year following treatment. One year after treatment, soil samples were wet-sieved and water-stable aggregate size-class arrays were determined.The dominant earthworm in the study site, Lumbricus terrestris, increased in density and mean individual biomass in response to sludge treatment in mixed hardwood and old field plots. In the Norway spruce plots, L. terrestris increased in individual biomass but decreased in density following sludge application. The density of the introduced E. fetida rapidly declined in all control plots. One year after introduction, E. fetida was found only in the sludge-treated Norway spruce plot. The introduction of E. fetida with sludge decreased the density and biomass of L. terrestris in the hardwood plots.Sludge treatment increased the percentages of 4-mm diameter water-stable aggregates in old field and hardwood plots. The addition of E. fetida with sludge in the hardwood plots generated no increase in 4-mm water-stable aggregates. In the old field, sludge + E. fetida increased the 4-mm water-stable aggregates. Little change in water-stable aggregates in response to either treatment combination was seen in the Norway spruce site.     

全氟辛酸暴露对蚯蚓DNA损伤和抗氧化酶基因表达水平的影响

全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)是环境中存在的最典型的全氟化合物之一,能在高等动物体内蓄积,成为备受关注的持久性有机物。采用自然土壤培养法,通过28d亚急性暴露实验,研究了PFOA对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)的SOD、CAT、GST三种抗氧化酶基因表达水平及DNA损伤的影响。研究结果表明：PFOA胁迫可致蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA损伤,不同浓度的PFOA对蚯蚓体腔细胞尾长、尾部DNA含量和尾距均有明显的影响,且具有一定的剂量-效应关系。其中尾矩和慧尾长度这两个指标对PFOA的胁迫最为敏感。PFOA胁迫也能引致蚯蚓抗氧化特异性基因表达水平的变化,CAT、GST和SOD三种基因表达量变化趋势相似,在浓度为1mg/kg时蚯蚓SOD基因表达水平被诱导上调,浓度为5mg/kg和10mg/kgSOD表达量呈现剧烈下调的趋势,GST基因在10 mg/kg浓度组有明显下调,CAT基因表达在5 mg/kg 浓度组基因表达水平最低,SOD基因的表达对PFOA的胁迫较为敏感。蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA损伤和三种抗氧化酶基因表达水平的变化可以作为潜在的生物标志物,以监测PFOA 对土壤生物蚯蚓毒性作用。     

不同碳氮比培养基质组合对赤子爱胜蚓生长繁殖的影响

在实验室条件下,以不同配比的牛粪和稻秆作为培养基质,研究了赤子爱胜蚓Eisenia foetida在不同碳氮比培养基条件下生物量以及数量变化情况.结果表明:100%牛粪(碳氮比为21.8)和80%牛粪+20%稻秆组合(碳氮比为24.9)堆置30、60、90 d后的蚯蚓生物量显著高于其他处理;60%牛粪+40%稻秆组合(碳氮比为28.7)堆置60和90 d后蚯蚓总数量最多,显著高于其他处理,在第90天达到324条;另外,培养基质的碳氮比与蚯蚓的生物量和数量均呈显著负相关关系(P<0.001).由此可知,碳氮比在21.8～24.9之间的牛粪和稻秆基质组合适宜蚯蚓生长,碳氮比为28.7的牛粪和稻秆基质组合适宜蚯蚓繁殖.     

蚯蚓密度对不同肥力茶园茶叶产量的影响

在不同肥力茶园里开展不同密度赤子爱胜蚓放养试验,探索其对茶叶产量的影响。结果表明,在肥力高的茶园里放养4种密度的蚯蚓,茶叶增产不明显,而在肥力一般的茶园里放养适当密度的蚯蚓,茶叶明显增产。     

蚯蚓处理香蕉茎叶二因素配方筛选

以切碎状香蕉茎叶与牛粪按不同比例混合养殖蚯蚓，探索用蚯蚓处理香蕉茎叶，将香蕉茎叶转化为有机肥料并能最大量获得蚯蚓作为高蛋白动物饲料的二因素处理配方。结果表明：添加80%香蕉茎叶的处理产出蚯蚓数量最多，所产有机肥料含氮最高；添加90%香蕉茎叶的处理虽然产出蚯蚓数量略少，但蚯蚓的重量和80%处理所得蚯蚓重量差异不显著，而且能处理掉更大数量的香蕉茎叶，同时所产有机肥料含有机质更高。